{{tag>en en:linux en:distrib}} 
====== Debian ======
Debian (www.debian.org) is a popular linux distribution. It's main interest is the .Deb package system.

This distribution is the base of other distribution like Ubuntu.


===== Install Debian Stable =====
The sable version is mainly used for servers, package version are fixed and only updated for security issues.

You can download the CD or the netinstall directly at http://www.debian.org/distrib/

===== Install Debian Testing =====
The testing version is the intermediate version of Debian. Package are first tested in the Debian Unstable then migrated to Testing.

There is two ways to install it :
  * by downloading the install CD for the testing (http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/)
  * by upgrading a Debian Stable

==== Upgrade Debian Stable to Testing ====

Update ///etc/apt/source.list// :
  * replace the distribution name (for example "lenny") to testing
  * add "contrib non-free" to get extra packages

Sample of /etc/apt/source.list :
<file>
deb ftp://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free

deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free
</file>

Then execute :
<code>
# apt-get update
# apt-get dist-upgrade
</code>

After the install of new package, you got an brand new testing version :-)

===== Hints and tips =====
Some advices to improve Debian usage.

When installing, choice "base system" and "ssh server" at the task selection. You will get the most important packages then you can choice your own package for advance features.

There is several tools to choice which package to install :
  * apt-get : main command line tool using the repository
  * dpkg : manual installation of a package
  * dselect : ncurse interface to browse package list and install them (remplaced by aptitude)
  * aptitude : new ncurse interface to browse and install packages
  * synaptic (X) : graphical interface (under X) equivalent to aptitude
  * tasksel : simple metapackage choice, it's the interface prompted during the install of Debian
  
I personnaly use aptitude because it's simple and powerful.

==== Shell tuning ====
Color and shortcuts are not enabled by default. To enable them, edit //~/.bashrc// and uncomment the following lines :

<file>
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.

export PS1='\h:\w\$ '
umask 022

# You may uncomment the following lines if you want `ls' to be colorized:
export LS_OPTIONS='--color=auto'
eval "`dircolors`"
alias ls='ls $LS_OPTIONS'
alias ll='ls $LS_OPTIONS -l'
alias l='ls $LS_OPTIONS -lA'

# Some more alias to avoid making mistakes:
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
</file>

Changes will apply to all new session.


==== Configure APT sources ====
You can select package sources by editing ///etc/apt/sources.list//.
  * To add branches contrib and non-free, add "contrib non-free" at the end of lines.
  * To add multimedia packages, see [[linux_multimedia]]

Sample :
<file>
deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free

deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib
</file>


==== Useful Packages ====
Some useful packages not install by default :
  * openssh-server : serveur ssh
  * vim
  * ntpdate
  * cifs-utils


===== Links =====
  * http://www.debian.org
  * http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages
  * http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/
  * http://michauko.org/blog/2007/05/16/blocage-pendant-linstallation-debian/